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Formosumhybrids Annette
Andersson, Sweden
The American breeder Milton Arndt drew attention to a peculiar geranium in flower boxes at a hotel
he visited in Mexico during the 1950s. When he made inquiries about it,
told staff at the hotel that the plant had been left there by sailors
from Japan. These in turn had told the staff that they took the plant
from the island of Formosa, ie contemporary Taiwan. Milton Arndt took cuttings back
to the United States and several gardeners began searching for its
origin. They could not find any information either on the island of
Formosa, or elsewhere in the Orient. Even the great gardens of Europe
and South Africa were interviewed but none knew anything about it. Since they had no name on the plant, it became known as 'Formosum'. Since the name had no direct sound validity of this cultivar started the American breeder Holmes Miller, calling it "fingered flower" because it had hand-like leaves. From there you have the Swedish name fingerpelargon = fingerpelargonium. It should be mentioned that some stellar pelargoniums have been called "fingered flower, when in the early 1960s mixed up the Australian stellar pelargoniums with the newly discovered 'Formosum'. Relatively soon they realized, however, that there were two separate but possibly related varieties. In Sweden, stated generally that 'Els' is synonymous with 'Formosum' (for example, Christa Holm 1997). Abroad, they are sold as two different varieties, which made me start to wonder where ‘Els’ came from and how it got its name? I contacted several Swedish geranium expert but no one could answer my questions. I understand that international help was needed to solve this problem. I asked Helena Ericson Wik contact the American geranium expert Faye Brawn in this case. She confirmed that 'Formosum' is the name of the original plant. It is salmon-pink with white tips on the petals lace.Faye says that the 'Els' is a hybrid of 'Formosum' who is like her mother on all speaking, except that it does not have these white tips. It is just salmon. Faye saw it for the first time during one of her many trips to England. She was told that it came from Holland. After some research I found a village in Holland called Els which made me think that Fayes information could be true. I made contact with Esther van der Velde at Kwekerij C. Spek, a nursery in Holland. Esther confirmed that the 'Els' is from Holland and that the breeder named Vincent Gerris. The later can be read in a Dutch pelargonbok called Alles over Geranium (Pelargonium) by Rita Scheen - Prince from 1982. This means that 'Formosum' and 'Els' are two different varieties that might have been confused in Sweden. As collectors should be aware of these kinds of looks, but if you have a 'Formosum' which has white tips on the petals it likely bears the right name.
Faye Brawn writes in her book
Geraniums The Complete Encyclopedia that many crosses between 'formosum'
and other Zonals have been made but few can be found for those never
reached out to the nurseries. It takes less time to produce a cross
between a fomosum hybrid and a Zonal than a formosum hybrid and a
stellar and it depends on the genes. Both stellars and formosum hybrids
have recessive genes but the formosum hybrids has the most recessive. A recessive gene is a gene that must be inherited
from both parents to come through. It is otherwise hidden until there
are no dominant genes in the cross and then it show their appearance.
There has also been made so-called threewaycrosses when they first crosses a fomosum hybrid with a stellar
and then with a zonal. It has given a different type of cultivar. Frances
Hartsook has done many of these threewaycrossses. There are several
examples of formosum hybrides not wearing the typical leaf or flower form. Annie Popham, inter alia,
has launched 'Beth Parmer' and 'Marriam Parmer' as formosum hybrides.
They are nice geraniums, but has not the characteristics that we
associate with finger geraniums. There have also been information that the stellar
'Chinese cactus' crossed with a zonal is the cultivar 'Formosum' which
is wrong. Some stellars sports have been giving formosum leaf and it
that case it is a fomosum hybrid involved in the cross. There are few miniature and dwarf fingered flower gearniums that has the same good properties as the regular zonals. Mr.Miller is a breeder who has produced fine formosum hybrids. 'Urchin' and 'Playmate' are two very similar plants, and it's basically just the colour to distinguish them apart and that the 'Urchin' is more willing flowers. There is a charming story about 'Urchin': Holmes Miller's wife Dorothea looked at the big 'formosum' one day and commented on it and said it would be nice if he could get into such a plant but a dwarf with red flowers. Holmes Miller began working with directly to fulfill her wishes. It was a long process that involved a variety of crosses and back crosses but he managed to eventually obtain the desired plant.
There is no explanation as to whys the stellars and formosum hybrids are so different from the usual
zonal properties. Many have tried to obtain these variants, but none
have managed to succeed and it is likely a virus mutation. They were discovered in two different
countries and there are clear differences between them.
Origin stellar 'Chinese Cactus has leaves with shallow, sharp indentations and medium zone. It is salmon-pink in colour.
The two upper petals are narrow and the lower sharply tapered and have
some notching along the edge. It has a primitive appearance and it is
high and robust. 'Formosum' has three major leaf division that are cut
down to the base. Each lobe are in turn deeply cut and looks a bit like
a Fern. Instead of the stellar's five primitiv petals ‘Fomosum’ has
a round flower of about 15 petals arranged in an even rayed shape, the
same as in an Aster or Daisy. It is also quite high but not as woody as
the stellar. To find out more about finger geraniums I made contact with the breeder Charles Heidgen in the United States. From his nursery several fingered flower pelargonium has found their way out into the world's pelargonium collector. The following sections present selected parts of an e-mail from Charles Heidgen, owner of Shady Hill Gardens, Illinois:
“At one time it was believed that the stellar and fingered flower types of
geraniums were a distinct species, Pelargonium formosum. Through
controlled experiments, it has been determined that that P. formosum is
not a distinct species, but rather a zonal geranium, P.X hortorum, with a different leaf and flower form caused by a
single gene mutation. This mutated gene produces two forms,
stellars, with the star shaped leaves and flowers, and fingered flowers,
with the deeply cut leaves, and the usually very narrow flower petals.
Both types are striking in appearance, but the stellars will usually
give better overall garden performance.
‘Star Witch’ was bred in the late 1980's, when we were doing a lot more
geranium breeding than at the present time. Many crosses were made
using those stellar varieties that were good pollen producers crossed
into a numer of different named zonal varieties, and then sucessive
backcrosses to recover the recessive gene. Some others that were
named at that time were: Little Witch, Snow Witch, and St. Elmo's Fire.
All of these were the 'fingered flowers' type of stellars.
Let me explain a little more about stellar geraniums. These are not
truly geraniums, but are most accurately called pelargoniums. For
conversational purposes I choose to call them what most people do,
namely geraniums.
Below is a list of those fingered flower pelargoniums (formosum hybrids) that
I have found. The list is probably not complete, and some question marks
remain. If you have other information about the fingered flower
pelargoniums, I will be grateful to receive it, even if the varieties
are others than those I mention. It seems that these mysterious
pelargoniums would take several years to research on, so therefore I
leave this article at this point. Maybe I can come up with an update
later if it comes up new information. I don´t think the list can be
completed because many of the varieties you can´t get anymore. I must
say I was very surprised to find so many Formosum Hybrids ‘Ansbrook
Apollo’
Miniature. Single
pale pink flowers with red dots and splashes. Widespread petals. (A.Popham/Foster,
UK), Source 1, 7. ’Ansbrook California’
Miniature.
Single salmon pink flowers. (A. Popham/Foster, UK), Source 7. ’Ansbrook Froshani’ Eggshell.
Single pink flowers. (A. Popham/Foster, UK), Source 7. ’Ansbrook Zeus’ Dwarf. (A.
Popham/Foster, UK), Source 7. ’Azalea Pink’ Sligthly
broader petals. Azalea pink. (L.R.Bodey), Source
3 ’Azalea Rose’ Camellia
rose overlaid Azalea pink in centres, paling towards edges with age.
(L.R.Bodey), Source 3. ’Current Red’ Miniature.
Currant red
with glow to petals, leaf deep coloured almost black
(L.R.Bodey), Source 3. ’Deerwood Wildfire’ Miniature. Single,
glowing red, narrow wide-spread petals. small, dark lobed leaf. Heavy
bloomer, dense miniature. A little larger growing than 'Urchin'.
(Faye Brawner, USA), Source 3. ’Dwarf Mandarine’ Miniature
or dwarf. Mandarin red single flowers with reddishe
leaves. (L.R.Bodey), Source 3, 12 ’Els’
Salmon
narrow petals. Double. (V.Gerris,
Holland 1987), Source 3, 13 ‘Formosum’ The
origin plant that was discovered in Mexico. Salmon flowers with white
tips. Deep cut leaves like a fern. Source 4
’Formosum hybrid’ Pink flowers, vågformade
skrynkliga blad. Source 11. Formosum 'MINI' Rosa kronblad, småväxt,
Source 11. ’French
Rose’ Salmon
rose flowers. (L.R.Bodey), Sorce
3. ’F4/1’ Single
red flowers. Origin
unknown. ‘Geranium Lake’ Red
colour with an overtone of cerise. The colours name is
Geranium Lake.(L.R.Bodey), Source
3.
Can´t
find any information about this one but maybe it is a ’Els’ with
golden leaves. ’Golden Formosum’ This
one has differrent descriptions so I will give you them all: i) Golden
leaf, a sport from ’Formosum’. Source
1.ii) Very unusual. Golden leaf with bronz zone.Fringed and
very deep cutted leaves. Apricot orange flowers. Buds & Blooms
Catalogue 1993; Source 3. iii) Semi-double bright salmon flowers sometimes tipped in
white. Deeply cut gold leaf. Each notched section of the leaf has a dark
brown dot at the edge. Very unusual. Source
1. iv) Double bright salmon pink with white edges, golden
foliage with bronze zone. (L.R.Bodey)
1972, Source 5. ’Good
Vibrations’ Orange
red flowers with golden leaves. Vague zone. (J Sheehan 2006), Source
10. ’Janet’ Dwarf. Double
salmon pink flowers. (Mitchell
o James), Source 2, 5. ’Mandarine Red’
Mandarin
red flowers. (L.R.Bodey), Source
3. ’Moppet’ Dwarf.
Double salmon pink flowers. (Holmes
Miller, USA) Introducerad 1971, Source
7. ’Ninjas lilla knytt’ Small
miniature, near micro. Single bright red flowers. (G.Hagelin-Nilsson), Source
6. ’Playmate’ Miniature. Similar
to ’Urchin’, salmon semi-double flowers. Dense deeply lobed leaves.
Needs to be cleared to avoid mold. (Holmes
Miller, USA), Source 1, 2, 8, 12 ’Poppy
Red’ ’Presto’ Single
salmon with white petal edge. Long petals.
(Holmes Miller, USA 1968), Source
3. ’Red Rose’ Reddish cerise. (L.R.Bodey),
Source 3, 9. ’Red Witch’ Dwarf. Very narrow petals,
deep scarlet semi-double. Deeply cut leaves. Very old variety. Source
3, 8 ’Red and Cream’ Dwarf. Light
cream with glowing reddish centre, fading with age.
(L.R.Bodey), Source 3,9. ’Rouge
Cardinal’ Geranium
lake, petals broader than most others except 'Rougeatre'.
(L.R.Bodey), Source 3,9. ’Rougeatre’ Magenta,
petals broader than all others and the best yet produced in both colour
and shape. (L.R.Bodey), Source 3, 9. ’Scarlet Dwarf’ Dwarf habit. Scarlet
deepening to centre. (L.R.Bodey), Source
3, 9. ’Smulan’ Miniature. Single
and primitive with coral red flowers with a yellow almost white center
and tips. Small leaves. Similar to ‘Tuva’ but smaller. 1996 (G.Hagelin-Nilsson),
Source 6. ’Snow Witch’ Narrow
petaled single very pale pink almost white flowers borne over medium
green type foliage. Medium size, bushy plant. (Charles
Heidgen, USA), Source 8. ’Something Else’ Salmon
flowers with white edges.The petals are quite close. Golden leaf. (J
Sheehan), Source 5. ’Spinel Pink’ Deep
rose to Spinel pink. (Spinel is a kind of rubin.) (L.R.Bodey), Source
3, 9. ’Spiraea Red’ Cerise
pink to spiraea red. (L.R.Bodey), Source 3, 9, ’Strawberry
Fayre’
Light red petals with a white center. Source
11. ’St.Elmo´s Fire’ Dark,
leathery leaf. Double salmon, quilled blooms. (Charles
Heidgen, USA), Source 8. ’Star Witch’
Single, spidery narrow petals of pink, deeper in
centre.Enkla, spindellika smala kronblad i
rosa. Mörknar mot centrum. (Charles Heidgen, USA), Source
8. ‘Therese’ Salmon
flowers with 12 petals. Light tips on the petals and red dots. 1997
(G.Hagelin Nilsson, Sverige), Source 6. ’Tuva’ Eggshell.
White flowers with red pink dots and dashes. (G
Hagelin Nilsson, Sverige), Source
6. ’Tyrian Rose’ Dwarf. Very
rich pink, tyrian rose. Kewensis type. (L.R.Bodey),
Source 3, 9. ’Urchin’ Miniature.
Scarlet, semi-double, narrow petaled flower, small deeply-cut. Low,
bushy and compact. (Holmes Miller, USA
1971) Source 3, 8, 12 ’White Rose’ Dwarf.
Single white overlaid with camelia rose. (L.R.Bodey), Source 3, 9. ‘Wille’ Semi-double
with dark red flowers. (G.Hagelin-Nilsson), Source 6. ‘White
Witch’ Probably
a synonym with 'Snow Witch' List of sources and references
Source 1: www.holtgeraniums.com, Holt Geraniums, Canada.
Source 2: www.geranium-greenhouses.com
Source 3: www.elj.com, Pelargonium Palette,
The Pelargonium and Geranium Society of Sidney Incorporated, Australien.
Source 4: Brawner, Faye,
2003; Geraniums, The Complete
Encyclopedia.
Source 5: PS photogallery, www.pelargonsallskapet.com
Source 6: Hagelin-Nilsson, Gunilla, pelargonium hybridizer,
2009. E-mail.
Source 7: Foster (f.d. Popham), Annie E-mail through
Helena Ericson Wik.
Source 8: Heidgen, Charles, Shady Hill Gardens, USA. 2009. E-mail.
Source 9: Broinowski, Roger & Gabi, Geranium Cottage
Nursery, Western Australia 2009, E-mail.
Source 10: Le-Conte, Caroline, The Vernon Geranium
Nursery, UK. Source 11: www.gaertnerei-stegmeier.de, Stegmeier
Gartenbau, D. Source 12: Bagust, Harold, Miniature and dwarf geraniums. Source 13: Scheen Prins, Rita (1982). Alles over Geraniums.
Other
written sourves:
Bode,
Fred A; Pelargonium Formosum (?) or The ‘Five-Fingered’Enigma. Geraniums
Around the World V 8 No 4 1960, s. 84-85.
Brawner,
Faye; Cover: ‘Urchin’. Geraniums
Around the World V 31 No4 1984, s. 3.
Holm, Christa. 1997, Pelargoner.
Roller,
Carol; The History of fancy Leaved Zonals, Part 2 of 2. Geraniums Around the World V 38 No 3 1990, s 14-16.
Schmidt, Wm E;
Fingered Pelargonium. Geraniums Around the World V 7 No 3 1959, s. 19.
Schmidt,
Wm E; Holmes Miller’s Gift to the World. Geraniums
Around the World V 19 No1, 1971. S. 4-8, 11.
Many thanks to Helen Ericson - Wik for her amazing help with the editing of text and information retrieval.
Jörgen Eksell should also have a big thank you for correcting my text and for all issues that have given me more problems but
also made that the article has become so widespread. Without their help it would not become a good article.Contact:
Annette Andersson, e-mail: info@blakulla.eu
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Pelargonium genes, chromosomes and hybridizing. It
started with chromosomes. Without knowing why I collected information
about chromosome numbers in wild species. It continued with me trying to
understand about recessive genes and now my curiosity took over. How
does it work? What influence has genes and chromosomes in the flowers?
And what about birds and bees? The
answer are there but for me in a very difficult language and most of it
in English. I needed to translate the information into my own language (
Swedish ) and to write it in a simpler way. Maybe it will be easier for
you to understand as well. We
will start to understand the different parts: DNA
is a molecule that contains gene information. A
gene is a part of DNA. A
chromosome is a DNA molecule. Genome
are all chromosomes in a cell. Did
you follow me? Well, well, lets do it my way. The
body, yes lets start with our own species, the human. The body consists
of a lot of cells.
To
keep the chaos away in the core it’s
divided in even
smaller parts. First there are chromosomes. There are X and Y
chromosomes that tells us which gender we have. The human body has 46
chromosomes and they are divided into 23 pair. Every pair has one
chromosome from the father and one from the mother. That’s why we get
things from both parents. It’s the same with pelargoniums, other
plants and animals. Our Zonal has 9 chromosome pairs = 18 chromosomes.
All of the chromosomes in one cell core is named genome.
In
hybridizing it’s the chromosomes that determines if we can cross the
different kind of pelargoniums and the genes determines how it should
look like. There
is also haploid and diploid pelargoniums. Haploid
has 9 chromosome sets. Haploid = each chromosome appears in one example
in each cell. Diploid
9x9 = 18 chromosomes. Diploid = each chromosome appears in two in each
cell. Tetraploid
9x9x9x9 = 36 chromosomes. A
tetraploid pelargonium has a more stronger growth and more flowers than
a diploid. It has double flowers and sometimes hairy leaves. Dominant and recessive genes. A
dominant gene is the one who decide and it only needs one of those genes
to determine how the flower should look like. A recessive gene is a weak
gene and has to inherit that gene from both parents to come through. If
it don’t it will stay in the gene hiding until there are no dominant
genes in further crossings. Most
of the plants are diploid, it has just one set of genetic material from
the parents. These sets are the ones they call chromosomes. The Stellars
appearance controls by just one recessive gene and has to get this
attribute from both parents to keep the appearance of a Stellar. Genes
are usually designated with double letters and the dominant gene with a
capital letter and the
recessive with a lowercase. (Nn) If
a stellar (nn) is crossed with a normal (NN) leaf
geranium, all of the offspring will be 'carriers' of the recessive gene
(Nn) and will look like the normal leaf geranium, because the
Normal leaf gene is dominant . When
these 'carriers' are selfed, pollen from a flower is used to
pollinate itself, the offspring can be either (NN); (Nn); (nN);
(nn). This is all the combinations that N and n can achieve. The
first 3, with the dominant N, will all look like Normal, even though 2
are 'carriers' (n). The 4th offspring (nn) will look like a
stellar. This phenomena you can see in just one crossing and the
different kind of appearance are in the same storks bill. This
demonstrates that a single recessive gene is the determining factor in
stellar geraniums. To get a better chance to a successful Stellar
you can back-cross the first generation seedlings
to another stellar to
increase the probability of stellars. The offspring of such a cross
(Nn) X (nn) would be (Nn); (nn); (nn); (nn). The
chances to get a normal Zonal from this offspring is just one of four. Did
you understand? In
a simpler way you can say that the Zonal is strong and the Stellar is
weak. The Zonal will always dominate the appearance if you don’t
back-cross to another Stellar. Same thing with Five finger pelargoniums.
They have also weak genes and if the crosses with regular Zonals there
won’t be so many that look like a five finger pelargonium unless you
cross back with another five finger pelargonium. There will still be off
springs that look like a regular Zonal but more of the seeds will give
you a pelargonium with the weak gene. This is probably the explanation
to sports. A pelargonium with another appearance on just one branch. My
thought is that it is the dominant gene that takes over in just one
branch. The once who know about these things says that it can depend on
decease, irradiation or chemical influence or just spontaneous
appearance. Anatomy and pollination.
Pistil
with pollen on the sticky stigma A
pelargonium consist of petals, stamen and pistil. The stamen and the
pistil is the pelargoniums genitals. The pistil is like our uterus and
the stamen like the male reproductive organ. The stamen contribute with
sperm/pollen and the pistil with eggs/ovules. The principle of
fertilization are the same in all species of
mammals and flowers. Pollen has to come to the pistil to become a
seed. The
pistil is a complexed organ consisting of stigma, style and ovary. The
ovary is at the bottom of the style and contains the ovule. The stigma
is on the top and is divided in five and are the receiver for pollen.
Style is the shaft the stigma sits on.
Oops,
in swedish J How is it done? When
the top of the style on the pistil just started to divide it is most
receptive.
Now
is the right time to transfer the pollen to the pistil. You can do this
with a cottonpin or a brush
or something like it. If you want to do a specific cross be sure to use
clean tools. The sperm in
the pollen now ripens and travel down to the ovary and fertilize the
egg/seed. One pelargonium can have up to 5 seed because the ovary are
divided into 5 sections. Too early in the morning, the stigma has not
started to divide and later if you see the 5 part stigma curled back, it
is probably too late. It’s most likely that the pistil are most
receptive for pollen in 4 to 18 hours and that pollen are viable for a
day or two. Once
you have pollinated a flower make sure you mark it in some way. If you
check the flower ½ to 1 hour after pollinating and gently shake it,
frequently the petals will fall of if the fertilization has been
achieved. Now it will take about a month for a stork bill to mature. A
good idea can bee to put a thin nylon cloth over the stork bill so you
don’t miss when the seeds are mature and flies away. You can get 5
seeds id you are lucky and all of the 5 seeds can become completely
different invidious with different appearance.
You
can also let the nature do the job. We have our insects and they are
usually good pollinators and doing the fertilizing in a excellent way. Then
you just have to pick the seeds and wait and see what it will become. It
can still be good to mark who the seeds mother are to see if there are
any similarities. How do you know what kind of flower you get then?
Here
it’s about recessive and dominant genes again. Red is a dominant color.
White, lilac, purple and yellow are recessive. Yellow is extremely
recessive and very hard to get. Unfortunately the crossing of the
flowers doesn’t follow a normal color chart so you cant cross a red
and a white and think it will be pink. You never know what the
motherplant has in its inherit so you cant say what color it would be.
You need to know 7-10 lines backwards to be sure. Single
flower that crosses with single flowers most likely gives single flowers.
Double flowers that crosses with doubles gives the same but you can
never know how double they will be. It’s the same with the leaves.
Regular zonal leaves are dominant but
variegated leaves are recessive and have a very complexed inherit. Some
pelargoniums goes nuts and produce loads of petals like our Rosebud. The
more petals a flower produce the more likely it is that the genitals may
give away. That’s the reason why most of the real Rosebuds are
sterile. There is nothing to fertilize with. The one that is easiest to
hybridize are the once that are mass-produced and can bee bought in
regular stores. They have most single flowers with clear pistil and
stamen.
Rosebud
with just pistil, loss of stamens. There
are several deformations or mutations in the pelargonium world. Five
finger and Stellars are mutations. Madame Salleron for example has a
chromosome missing. That
one has 17 chromosomes and has the loss of the chromosomes with the
genes that tells how the flower should look like so it didn’t get any
flowers.
One
advise I have read about in books and that my e-mail friend Charles
Heidgen says is to never give up. Just because you don’t succeed the
first time with a cross just continue. Even if the once you are trying
to cross doesn’t seams to be compatible just continue. Some day the
right pollen will be there and you have a mach. If you get a weak
offspring, back cross it with the parent that are the most strong grower.
This can give you back a stronger pelargonium with hopefully the
appearance you want to keep. All
wild species can´t be crossed with a Zonal just because of the
chromosome numbers but why don’t give it a try. What
you need is patience in quantities. First it will take time to get a
successful pollination and then you have to wait for the seeds to mature,
about 4 weeks. Another
advise is to sowing the seeds right away. Then they have the winter to
grow up and you can get it to bloom earlier. Don’t cut it down to get
earlier bloom. In the spring when you see the flower you can decide if
it’s something to keep. If you decide to keep it you should take cuts
from it. If the new cut keeps the shape and the color you should take
another cut. If the third plant still keeps the shape and the color you
have your self a new pelargonium. If
your seedplant doesn’t have what you want in a plant, lets say that
the color on the petals and the leaves are ok but not the flower size so
try to cross it with another pelargonium that has the flower size you
wish. If you are lucky the right genes will follow the cross and you
have the perfect combination. And
then a third advise. Think about how many you cross! A stork bill can
get you 5 seeds. If you have 10 stork bills you can get up to 50 seeds.
These once will need a nice place to grow in the winter. If you have the
space that’s alright but most of us doesn’t have that so it can be a
good idea to select you victims and just cross the once you really
believe in. I
hope this article will give you the impulse to try to cross your own
pelargonium. Every hybridizers dream is a pelargonium that nobody has
seen before, maybe it will bee yours to. Sources: Charles
Heidgen, Shady Hills, USA Pelargoniums,
geraniums and their Societies – Henry J Wood Pelargoniums
a complete guide to their cultivation – Henry J Wood Geraniums
and pelargoniums – H.G Witham Fogg www.geraniumsonline.com http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/ fancher/genetics/ClassicalGenetics.htm http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/genetic.htm http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science |
They
are microscopic small so there are no use to start looking for them. The
cell has a core and that core contains a lot of information how the cell
should work in our body. How we should look and so on.
In
a chromosome there is a DNA loop and inside that there are genes. A gene
carries the information about the look or if we shall talk about
pelargoniums it has the information about color, shape, appearance and
so on.
Sport of
Magda